Review of fundamental studies of CO2 fracturing: Fracture propagation, propping and permeating

CO2 fracturing is one potential technique to relieve environmental issues related the massive hydraulic of hydrocarbon reservoirs. We summarize fundamental studies on overall procedures and analyze research progress fracturing, propping induced fractures permeating into, then recovering hydrocarbons from, formation. The key controlling characteristics in at each stage are defined, together with a definition their relative dominance. Fractures generated by typically viewed as superior complexity but increased tortuosity. Proppant transport during stimulation evaluated through consideration particle settling, remobilization flowing behaviours. New views permeability evolution propped function saturation presented. Correlations among procedure revealed identify common technical details illuminated multidisciplinary efforts. field case collected for analysis parameters compared against water-based fracturing. mismatch between pumping rate viscosity highlighted, suggesting that role wellbore friction an important topic requiring resolution. Suggestions optimization thickening, usage fine proppants injected form discussed illustrated. Other open questions remain respect nature CO2-rock interactions resultant impact fracture generation – identified future investigations promote popularization concurrent complementary recovery native sequestration carbon emissions.